White Dwarf
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Overview
White Dwarf is a scaled down test version of the White Giant engine that is intended to launch Panthera. The operating parameters are shown in the table below:
| Oxidiser | Nitrous oxide (N2O) |
| Fuel | 75% Isopropyl alcohol (IPA, C3H8O), 25% water (by mass) |
| Thrust | 1.5 kN |
| Chamber pressure | 10 bar |
| Chamber temperature | 2857 K |
| O/F ratio | 3.5 (by mass - where the water is included in the 'fuel' mass) |
| Specific impulse | 190 s (theoretical) |
| Mass flow rate | 0.803 kg/s (0.625 N2O, 0.134 IPA, 0.044 water) |
Resources
Combustion Chamber
The combustion chamber uses a water-cooled jacket, with a graphite nozzle that is bolted into a retainer ring. The cooling channels are cut into an off-the-shelf copper tube using a CNC machine.
Injector
The injector is intended to be a pintle design.